2016-28 Noble Nature: "The Beaver and His Works" by Enos A Mills
Enos A Mills [1870-1922] and John Muir [1838-1914]
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| John Muir [1838-1914] of the Mountains |
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| Enos A Mills [1870-1922] |
Mills met Muir when Mills was a youth and Muir
was already an elder statesman.
Calling himself "the John Muir of the Rockies," Mills
said, "I owe everything to Muir. If it hadn't been for him I would have
been a mere gypsy."
He dedicated his book Wild Life on the Rockies [1909] to
John Muir where he wrote: "The peculiar charm and fascination that trees
exert over many people I had always felt from childhood, but it was John Muir,
who first showed me how and where to learn their language."
In his book, Your
National Parks [1917], Mills included a chapter about John Muir, in which he wrote,
"He had the poetic appreciation of Nature. He was the greatest genius
that ever with words interpreted the outdoors. No one has ever written of
Nature's realm with greater enthusiasm or charm.... He has written the great
drama of the outdoors. On Nature's scenic stage he gave the wild
life local habitation and character and did with the wild folk what Shakespeare
did with man.
His prose poems illuminate the forest, the
storm, and all the fields of life. He sings of sun-tipped peaks and gloomy
canyons, flowery fields and wooded wilds. He has immortalized the Big Trees.
His memory is destined to be ever associated with the silent places, with the
bird-songs, with wild flowers, with the great glaciers, with snowy peaks, with
dark forests, with sunlight and shadow, with the splendid National Parks, and
with every song that Nature sings in the wild gardens of the world.
"The Beaver and his Works" by Enos A Mills
[From Chapter 3 of "Wild Life on the Rockies" by Mills]
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| Beaver - useful, thrifty, busy, skillful and picturesque |
I [Enos A Mills] have never been able to decide which I love
best, birds or trees, but as these are really comrades it does not matter, for
they can take first place together. But when it comes to second place in my
affection for wild things, this, I am sure, is filled by the beaver. The beaver
has so many interesting ways, and is altogether so useful, so thrifty, so busy,
so skillful, and so picturesque, that I believe his life and his deeds deserve
a larger place in literature and a better place in our hearts.
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| Beavers' Engineering Works - Governing the Rivers and Fixing the Soil |
His [Beaver's] engineering
works are of great value to man. They not only help to distribute the waters
and beneficially control the flow of the streams, but also catch and save
from loss enormous quantities of the earth's best plant-food. In helping to do
these two things,—governing the rivers and fixing the soil,—he plays an
important part, and if he and the forest had their way with the water-supply,
floods would be prevented, streams would never run dry, and a comparatively even
flow of water would be maintained in the rivers every day of the year.
A number of beavers establishing a colony made
one of the most interesting exhibitions of constructive work that I have ever
watched. The work went on for several weeks, and I spent hours and days in
observing operations.
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| Beaver cutting a tree |
While cutting, the beaver sat upright and
clasped the willow with fore paws or put his hands against the tree, usually
tilting his head to one side. The average diameter of the trees cut was about
four inches, and a tree of this size was cut down quickly and without a pause.
When the tree was almost cut off, the cutter
usually thumped with his tail, at which signal all other cutters near by
scampered away. But this warning signal was not always given, and in one
instance an unwarned cutter had a narrow escape from a tree falling perilously
close to him.
Once a large tree is on the ground, the limbs
are trimmed off and the trunk is cut into sections sufficiently small to be
dragged, rolled, or pushed to the water, where transportation is easy.
As workers, young beavers appear at their
best and liveliest when taking a limb from the hillside
to the house in the pond. A young beaver will catch a limb by one end in his
teeth, and, throwing it over his shoulder in the attitude of a puppy racing
with a rope or a rag, make off to the pond. Once in the water, he throws up his
head and swims to the house or the dam with the limb held trailing out over his
back.
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| Drawing of a typical Beaver House |
The typical beaver-house seen in the Rockies at
the present time stands in the upper edge of the pond which the beaver-dam has
made, near where the brook enters it. Its foundation is about eight feet
across, and it stands from five to ten feet in height, a rude cone in form.
Most houses are made of sticks and mud, and are apparently put up with little
thought for the living-room, which is later dug or gnawed from the interior.
The entrance to the house is below water-level, and commonly on the bottom of
the lake. Late each autumn, the house is plastered on the outside with mud, and
I am inclined to believe that this plaster is not so much to increase the
warmth of the house as to give it, when the mud is frozen, a strong protective
armor, an armor which will prevent the winter enemies of the beaver
from breaking into the house.
Each autumn beavers pile up near by the house, a
large brush-heap of green trunks and limbs, mostly of aspen, willow,
cottonwood, or alder. This is their granary, and during the winter they feed
upon the green bark, supplementing this with the roots of water-plants, which
they drag from the bottom of the pond.
Along in May five baby beavers appear, and a little
later these explore the pond and race, wrestle, and splash water in it as
merrily as boys. Occasionally they sun themselves on a fallen log, or play
together there, trying to push one another off into the water. Often they play
in the canals that lead between ponds or from them, or on the
"slides." Toward the close of summer, they have their lessons in
cutting and dam-building.
As soon as the beaver's brush dam is completed,
it begins to accumulate trash and mud. In a little while, usually, it is
covered with a mass of soil, shrubs of willow begin to grow upon it, and after
a few years it is a strong, earthy, willow-covered dam. The dams vary in length
from a few feet to several hundred feet. I measured one on the South Platte
River that was eleven hundred feet long.
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| Highway for the Folk of the Wild |
The influence of a beaver-dam is astounding. As
soon as completed, it becomes a highway for the folk of the wild. It is used
day and night. Mice and porcupines, bears and rabbits, lions and wolves, make a
bridge of it. From it, in the evening, the graceful deer cast their reflections
in the quiet pond. Over it dash pursuer and pursued; and on it take place
battles and courtships. It is often torn by hoof and claw of animals locked in
death-struggles, and often, very often, it is stained with blood. Many a drama,
picturesque, fierce, and wild, is staged upon a beaver-dam.
An interesting and valuable book could be
written concerning the earth as modified and benefited
by beaver action, and I have long thought that the beaver deserved at least a
chapter in Marsh's masterly book, "The Earth as modified by Human
Action." To "work like a beaver" is an almost universal
expression for energetic persistence, but who realizes that the beaver has
accomplished anything? Almost unread of and unknown are his monumental works.
Only a few beavers remain, and though much of
their work will endure to serve mankind, in many places their old work is gone
or is going to ruin for the want of attention. We are paying dearly for the
thoughtless and almost complete destruction of this animal. A live beaver is
far more valuable to us than a dead one. Soil is eroding away, river-channels
are filling, and most of the streams in the United States fluctuate between
flood and low water.
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| We need to cooperate with the Beaver |
A beaver colony at the source of every stream would
moderate these extremes and add to the picturesqueness and beauty of many
scenes that are now growing ugly with erosion. We need to coöperate with the
beaver. He would assist the work of reclamation, and be of great service in
maintaining the deep-waterways. I trust he will be assisted in colonizing our
National Forests, and allowed to cut timber there without a permit.
The beaver is the Abou-ben-Adhem of the wild.
May his tribe increase.
For a Biographical Portrait of Enos A Mills: [Click Here]
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| Enos A. Mills [1870-1922] |
